Table of contents
Preface viii
Organizations Associated with the TNM System xiii
National Committees xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xvi
Chapter 1 Explanatory Notes – General
The General Rules of the TNM System 1
The TNM Clinical and Pathological Classifications 7
Residual Tumour (R) Classification 15
Additional Descriptors 20
Optional Descriptors 24
Unknown Primary 25
Staging of Tumours for Which No TNM Classification is Provided 25
Histopathological Grading 26
References 28
Chapter 2 Explanatory Notes – Specific Anatomical Sites
Head and Neck Tumours 34
Digestive System Tumours 54
Lung, Pleural and Thymic Tumours 85
Bone Tumours 104
Soft Tissue Tumours 106
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) 108
Skin Tumours 110
Breast Tumours 118
Gynaecological Tumours 122
Urological Tumours 131
Ophthalmic Tumours 142
Hodgkin and Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas 149
References 150
Chapter 3 Site‐Specific Requirements for pT and pN
Introduction 157
Head and Neck Tumours 160
Digestive System Tumours 166
Lung and Pleural Tumours 173
Tumours of Bone and Soft Tissues 176
Skin Tumours 179
Breast Tumours 183
Gynaecological Tumours 185
Urological Tumours 188
Adrenal Cortex Tumours 192
Ophthalmic Tumours 193
Hodgkin and Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas 195
References 196
Chapter 4 New TNM Classifications Recommended for Testing and Other Classifications
Introduction 198
General 198
Specific 198
Non Upper Aerodigestive Tract Mucosal Melanoma 199
Primary Liver Carcinoma of Infants and Children/Hepatoblastoma 200
Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas 202
Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphomas 202
Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas 203
Histopathologic Staging of Lymph Nodes in Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome 204
Primary Cutaneous B‐Cell/T‐Cell Lymphoma (Non‐MF/SS Lymphoma) 206
Multiple Myeloma 207
Leukaemia 208
References 208
Chapter 5 Optional Proposals for Testing New Subcategories of TNM
All Tumour Sites 210
Head and Neck Tumours 210
Digestive System Tumours 211
Lung Tumours 213
Breast Tumours (ICD‐0‐3 C50) 214
Gynaecological Tumours 215
Urological Tumours 215
References 216
Chapter 6 Frequently Asked Questions
General Questions 218
Site‐Specific Questions 229
References 289
Index 291
Plate section facing p. 48